History API

The History API lets you change the browser URL and history stack without a full page reload — the foundation of single-page app (SPA) routing.

// Push a new URL onto the history stack
history.pushState({ page: 'about' }, '', '/about');

// Replace current entry without adding to stack
history.replaceState({ page: 'home' }, '', '/');

// Read current URL parts
console.log(window.location.pathname); // '/about'
console.log(window.location.search);   // '?tab=profile'
console.log(window.location.hash);     // '#section-2'

Handling the Back Button

The popstate event fires when the user navigates with Back or Forward. The state object you passed to pushState is available on the event.

window.addEventListener('popstate', (e) => {
  console.log('Navigated to state:', e.state);
  renderPage(e.state?.page || 'home');
});

Minimal SPA Router

function navigate(path, state = {}) {
  history.pushState(state, '', path);
  renderPage(path);
}

document.querySelectorAll('a[data-spa]').forEach(link => {
  link.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    navigate(link.getAttribute('href'));
  });
});